Plants and Animals
Pallifera fosteri Foster mantleslug
Key Characteristics
The foster mantleslug has no shell, is less than an inch in length, tan-colored with black blotches, and of a slim, cylindrical shape tapering to a point at the end. The short eye peduncles thicken at a rounded tip and the tentacles are very small.
Status and Rank
US Status: No Status/Not Listed
State Status: T - Threatened (legally protected)
Global Rank: G5 - Secure
State Rank: S1 - Critically imperiled
Occurrences
| County | Number of Occurrences | Year Last Observed |
|---|---|---|
| Berrien | 1 | 1950 |
Information is summarized from MNFI's database of rare species and community occurrences. Data may not reflect true distribution since much of the state has not been thoroughly surveyed.
Habitat
The foster mantleslug is associated with upland and floodplain forest, usually beneath logs or organic litter (Hubricht 1985).
Natural Community Types
For each species, lists of natural communities were derived from review of the nearly 6,500 element occurrences in the MNFI database, in addition to herbarium label data for some taxa. In most cases, at least one specimen record exists for each listed natural community. For certain taxa, especially poorly collected or extirpated species of prairie and savanna habitats, natural community lists were derived from inferences from collection sites and habitat preferences in immediately adjacent states (particularly Indiana and Illinois). Natural communities are not listed for those species documented only from altered or ruderal habitats in Michigan, especially for taxa that occur in a variety of habitats outside of the state.
Natural communities are not listed in order of frequency of occurrence, but are rather derived from the full set of natural communities, organized by Ecological Group. In many cases, the general habitat descriptions should provide greater clarity and direction to the surveyor. In future versions of the Rare Species Explorer, we hope to incorporate natural community fidelity ranks for each taxon.
Management Recommendations
Identification and conservation of important habitat is an important first step toward management of the foster mantleslug and other terrestrial mollusks. Moist microhabitats with uncompacted soil and a rich organic litter layer are required by this and many other woodland species (Nekola 2003). Currently, the greatest threats to this group include habitat destruction through agricultural/residential development (Kay 1995), fragmentation and the loss of protective canopy cover, and vegetative ground cover/ organic litter loss through intensive recreational use (Applegarth 1999, Walden 1995). Snag retention may provide the foster mantleslug with important habitat as well as refuge during fire and drought (Applegarth 1999). Slugs rapidly absorb and bioaccumulate chemical pollutants and heavy metals (Berger and Dallinger 1993, Regoli et al. 2006), and high exposure to heavy metals has been found to prevent reproduction (Notten et al. 2006). Herbicide/insecticide treatments should be carried out with caution and affected populations monitored to evaluate impacts.
Active Period
Breeding from first week of May to fourth week of June
Survey Methods
Survey methods for slugs include both visual search for larger individuals and litter sampling for small (Pearce 2008).
Electroshocking
Survey Period: From first week of April to first week of October
Minnow traps
Survey Period: From first week of April to first week of October
Seines
Survey Period: From first week of April to first week of October
References
Survey References
- Murphy, B.R. and D.W. Willis, eds. 1996. Fisheries Techniques, 2nd ed. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda. 732pp.
Technical References
- Bailey, R.M., W.C. Latta, and G.R. Smith. 2004. An Atlas of Michigan Fishes. Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, No. 192, Ann Arbor. 215p.
- Evers, D.C. 1994. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife of Michigan. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. 412pp.
- NatureServe. 2005. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 4.5. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer
- Pflieger, W. L. 1975. The fishes of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City. 2pp.
- Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Bulletin 184, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa. 966pp.
- Smith, C.L. 1985. The inland fishes of New York State. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany. 522pp.
- Trautman, M.B. 1981. The Fishes of Ohio. Ohio State University Press, Columbus. 782pp.